Welcome to the Podiatry Arena forums, for communication between foot health professionals about podiatry and related topics.
You are currently viewing our podiatry forum as a guest which gives you limited access to view all podiatry discussions and access our other features. By joining our free global community of Podiatrists and other interested foot health care professionals you will have access to post podiatry topics (answer and ask questions), communicate privately with other members (PM), upload content, view attachments, receive a weekly email update of new discussions, earn CPD points and access many other special features. Registered users do not get displayed the advertisments in posted messages. Registration is fast, simple and absolutely free so please, join our global Podiatry community today!
If you have any problems with the registration process or your account login, please contact contact us.
Press Release: Are cold feet plaguing your relationship?
Physiologists have identified the biological mechanism that could be responsible
Quote:
Cold feet—those chilly appendages that plague many people in the winter and an unlucky few all year round—can be the bane of existence for singles and couples alike. In a new study, scientists led by Selvi C. Jeyaraj of the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital have identified a biological mechanism that may be responsible for icy extremities: an interaction between a series of molecules and receptors on smooth muscle cells that line the skin's tiny blood vessels. The new research, along with an accompanying editorial by Martin C. Michel of Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz, Germany, and Paul A. Insel of the University of California at San Diego, suggest new contributors to this near-universal problem and potential targets to treat more serious problems that affect blood vessels in the cold, such as in Raynaud's disease.
The article, entitled "Cyclic AMP-Rap1A Signaling Activates RhoA to Induce a2C-Adrenoceptor Translocation to the Cell Surface of Microvascular Smooth Muscle Cells" (http://bit.ly/N8ZzKh), appears in the Articles in PresS section of the American Journal of Physiology – Cell Physiology (http://ajpcell.physiology.org/) published by the American Physiological Society. The accompanying editorial, "Can You Blame Cold Feet on Epac (and Rap1A)? Focus on "Cyclic AMP-Rap1A Signaling Activates RhoA to Induce α2C-adrenoceptor Translocation to the Cell Surface of Microvascular Smooth Muscle Cells," is also online (http://bit.ly/LYDXFd).
Methodology:
Jeyaraj and her colleagues studied smooth muscle cells derived from tiny blood vessels harvested from human skin biopsies and similar cells from mouse tail arteries. These cells contain receptors known as a2C-AR, which cause constriction in their associated blood vessels and shut off blood flow under chilly conditions to conserve heat. The scientists also worked with different cells, called HEK cells, that do not normally express a2C-AR but that can be modified to do so. Also studied were cells taken from tail arteries of mice genetically altered to no longer express a protein called Rap1A, which the authors hypothesized would interact with a2C-AR.
Results
The researchers found that when they dosed cells that expressed a2C-AR with chemicals that activate Rap1A, either directly or through means that involve another protein called Epac, the cells drew from pools of a2C-AR near the cell's nucleus and moved these receptors to the cell surface. The series of events involved rearrangment of the cell's internal "skeleton," fibers that determine its shape and can transport items from one area of a cell to another.
Importance of the Findings and What Part of Cell Physiology Gets 'The Rap'
Authors of the study and the accompanying editorial suggest that the series of events and biological interactions they identified could be responsible for the mechanism the body uses to limit blood supply to the skin in cold temperatures, which conserves more blood flow—and hence, warmth—for the body's internal organs. The findings may provide clues to where dysfunction occurs in disorders in which blood flow is erroneously cut off, such as Raynaud's disease. In this condition, sufferers lose circulation to the fingers, toes, and occasionally other areas when the body overreacts to cold temperatures. Raynaud's can sometimes be serious, leading to atrophy of skin and muscle, ulceration and rarely to ischemic gangrene. On a lighter note, the results also provide a possible explanation for the age-old problem of cold feet.
"Thus, if your partner complains again about your cold feet," the editorial authors write, "you have some new excuses: 'It's Epac's fault!' or 'Rap1A should get the rap!'"
Cyclic AMP-Rap1A Signaling Activates RhoA to Induce α2C-Adrenoceptor Translocation to the Cell Surface of Microvascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Selvi C. Jeyaraj, Nicholas T Unger, Ali H Eid, Srabani Mitra, Nadim Paul El-Dahdah, Lawrence A Quilliam, Nicholas A. Flavahan, and Maqsood A Chotani Am J Physiol Cell Physiol May 23, 2012
Quote:
Intracellular signaling by the second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) activates the Ras-related small GTPase Rap1 through the guanine exchange factor Epac. This activation leads to effector protein interactions, activation, and biological responses in the vasculature, including vasorelaxation. In vascular smooth muscle cells derived from human dermal arterioles (microVSM), Rap1 selectively regulates expression of G protein-coupled α2C-adrenoceptors (α2C-ARs) through JNK-c-jun nuclear signaling. The α2C-ARs are generally retained in the transGolgi compartment and mobilize to the cell surface and elicit vasoconstriction in response to cellular stress. The present study used human microVSM to examine the role of Rap1 in receptor localization. Complementary approaches included murine microVSM derived from tail arteries of C57BL6 mice that express functional α2C-ARs and mice deficient in Rap1A (Rap1A-null). In human microVSM, increasing intracellular cAMP by direct activation of adenylyl cyclase by forskolin (10 μM) or selectively activating Epac-Rap signaling by the cAMP analog 8pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP (100 μM) activated RhoA, increased α2C-AR expression, and reorganized the actin cytoskeleton, increasing F-actin. The α2C-ARs mobilized from the perinuclear region to intracellular filamentous structures and to the plasma membrane. Similar results were obtained in murine wild-type microVSM, coupling Rap1-Rho-actin dynamics to receptor relocalization. This signaling was impaired in Rap1A-null murine microVSM, and was rescued by delivery of constitutively-active (CA) mutant of Rap1A. When tested in heterologous HEK293 cells Rap1A-CA or Rho-kinase (ROCK-CA) caused translocation of functional α2C-ARs to the cell surface (~4-6-fold increase, respectively). Together, these studies support vascular bed-specific physiological role of Rap1, and suggest a role in vasoconstriction in microVSM
Are cold feet plaguing your relationship?
Hybrid Mode
