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Thought I'd paste this on the forum. It comes from the English "Daily Mail". Contains some information from New Scientist.
Ian
Despite help from Coronation Street (English soap opera), cobbled thorough fares never acquired a glamorous image.
But now their reputation has been given a leg up. According to doctors, they are much better for our health than flat floors and perfect pavements.
Flat streets are causing an increasing number of illnesses from varicous veins to high blood pressure because our feet are not designed for such uniformly level surfaces.
Instead says a report in the journal new scientist, they are designed for “wobbly walking” as this uses all the parts of a foot, keeping it excercised and healthy.
“The feet of a typical urbanite rarely encounter terrain any more undulating than a crack in the pavement” says the report.
“Whilst that may not seem like a problem; it seems like this flat earth business is not doing us any good”
Article preview Put a wild wobble in your walk Human beings were not built to walk on level surfaces all the time, so if your feet are killing you, maybe you need some rough trail therapy
YOU'VE scoured the Innovations website and gadget shops, trawled a dozen more sites offering "alternative" gifts, spent hours on eBay, and still you haven't found that perfect something. When just about everyone you know has just about everything, coming up with a present that is both novel and useful gets harder every year. But fear not. There is something worth having that most of us lack - something that could improve the quality of our lives immeasurably. If you really care, give the gift of a wobbly walk.
Seriously. The feet of a typical urbanite rarely encounter terrain any more undulating than a crack in the pavement. While that may not seem like a problem, it turns out that this flat-earth business is not doing us any good. By ironing all the bumps out of our urban environment we have put ourselves at risk of a surprising number of chronic
During the 17th and early eighteenth centuries (when cobbles were much in evidence in London and Paris) young fashionable men had metal snags put on the heels of their dandy oxford shoes and John Bull boots. The reason was the make a noise when they walked across the cobbled streets. Affluent young men terrorised the urban thoroughfares at night by robbing, raping and killing innocent perambulators. Clubs or gangs were formed like the Macoronis and Hell Fire Club, membership was made up of landed gentry and groups got up to all sorts of crime and antisocial behaviour, including orgies and satanism. One reason cobbles were replaced by tarmacadum was to stop antisocial behaviour and give victims a chance to run away.
YOU'VE scoured the Innovations website and gadget shops, trawled a dozen more sites offering "alternative" gifts, spent hours on eBay, and still you haven't found that perfect something. When just about everyone you know has just about everything, coming up with a present that is both novel and useful gets harder every year. But fear not. There is something worth having that most of us lack - something that could improve the quality of our lives immeasurably. If you really care, give the gift of a wobbly walk.
Seriously. The feet of a typical urbanite rarely encounter terrain any more undulating than a crack in the pavement. While that may not seem like a problem, it turns out that this flat-earth business is not doing us any good. By ironing all the bumps out of our urban environment we have put ourselves at risk of a surprising number of chronic illnesses and disabilities. Fortunately, the free market has come to the rescue. You can now buy the solution - in fact, there is even a choice of products. Indoor types will appreciate the cobblestone walkway, a knobbly textured plastic mat that they can wobble along in the comfort of their own homes. And for the more adventurous, there are shoes designed to throw you off balance.
The technology may be cutting edge, but its origins are deep and exotic. Research into the idea that flat floors could be detrimental to our health was pioneered back in the late 1960s. While others in Long Beach, California, contemplated peace and love, podiatrist Charles Brantingham and physiologist Bruce Beekman were concerned with more pedestrian matters. They reckoned that the growing epidemic of high blood pressure, varicose veins and deep-vein thromboses might be linked to the uniformity of the surfaces that we tend to stand and walk on.
The trouble, as they saw it, was that walking continuously on flat floors, sidewalks and streets concentrates forces on just a few areas of the foot. As a result, these surfaces are likely to be far more conducive to chronic stress syndromes than natural ones, where the foot meets the ground in a wide variety of orientations. The anatomy of the foot parallels that of the human hand - each having 26 bones, 33 joints and more than 100 muscles, tendons and ligaments. Modern lifestyles waste all this flexibility in your socks. Brantingham and Beekman became convinced that damage was being done simply by people standing on even surfaces and that this could be rectified by introducing a wobble.
“In Beijing and Shanghai city dwellers take daily walks on cobbled paths to improve their health”To test their ideas, they got 65 clerks and factory workers to try standing on a variable terrain floor - spongy mats with different amounts of give across the surface. This modest irregularity allowed the soles of the volunteers' feet to deviate slightly from the horizontal each time they shifted position. As the researchers hoped, this simple intervention turned out to make a huge difference over just a few weeks. Just a slight wobble from the floor activated a host of muscles in people's legs, which in turn helped to pump blood back to their hearts. The muscle action prevented the pooling of blood in their feet and legs, reducing the stress on the entire cardiovascular system. And two-thirds of the volunteers reported feeling much less tired. Yet decades later, the flooring of the world's workplaces remains relentlessly smooth.
Earlier this year, however, the idea was given a new lease of life when researchers in Oregon announced findings from a similar experiment with people over 60. John Fisher and colleagues at the Oregon Research Institute in Eugene designed a mat intended to replicate the effect of walking on cobblestones. In tests funded by the National Institute of Aging, they got some 50 adults to walk on the mats in their stockinged feet for less than an hour three times a week. After 16 weeks, these people showed marked improvements in balance and mobility, and even a significant reduction in blood pressure. People in a control group who walked on ordinary floors also improved but not as dramatically.
The mats are now on sale at $35. "Our first 1000 cobblestone mats sold in three weeks," Fisher says. Production is now being scaled up. Even so, demand could exceed supply if this foot-stimulating activity really is a "useful non-pharmacological approach for preventing or controlling hypertension of older adults", as the researchers believe.
Rocky roads to health
They are not alone in extolling the revitalising powers of cobblestones. Reflexologists have long advocated walking on textured surfaces to stimulate so-called "acupoints" on the soles of the feet. Practitioners of this unorthodox therapy believe that pressure applied to particular spots on the foot connects directly to corresponding organs and somehow enhances their function. In China, spas, hotels, apartment blocks and even factories promote their cobblestone paths as healthful amenities. Fisher admits he got the idea from regular visits to the country. In Beijing and Shanghai city dwellers take daily walks along cobbled paths to improve their health. "In the big cities, people take off their shoes and walk on these paths for 5 or 10 minutes, perhaps several times a day," Fisher says.
The idea is now taking off in Europe too. People in Germany, Austria and Switzerland can visit "barefoot parks" and walk along "paths of the senses" - with mud, logs, stone and moss underfoot - to receive what's known there as reflexzonmassage. And it is not difficult to construct your own "health pathway". American reflexologists Barbara and Kevin Kunz, based in Albuquerque, New Mexico, advise that you cobble together a walkway using broom handles, bamboo poles, hosepipes, gravel, pebbles, dried peas, driftwood, fallen logs, sand, door mats and strips of turf.
If your enthusiasm for DIY doesn't stretch to this, and Fisher's cobblestone mats are all sold out, there is another option. A new shoe on the market claims to transform flat, hard, artificial surfaces into something like natural uneven ground. "These shoes have an unbelievable effect," says Benno Nigg, an exercise scientist at the human performance laboratory of Calgary Unversity in Canada, which has done contract research for the shoe's manufacturers. "They are one of the best things to have happened to humankind for years." Known as Masai Barefoot Technology, or MBTs, the shoes have rounded soles that cause you to rock slightly when you stand still, exercising the small muscles around the ankle that are responsible for fore-aft stability. Forces in the joint are reduced, putting less strain on the system, Nigg claims.
Perhaps this all sounds a bit high-tech. If so, hang consumerism and go for the radical solution: search out a patch of Mother Earth that has yet to be concreted over and walk around on it for a few hours. You can even take your shoes off first, at no extra charge. But hurry: this offer is available for a limted period only.
From issue 2531 of New Scientist magazine, 24 December 2005, page 52
i have advised my pts (able to do so) to use the side of the footpath when they go for their walk, since i read an old chiropody text (held at sydney uni med library). by utilising the grass/dirt (unless it's dangerous; extreme slope, hard seeds/berries on ground) the 'complete' rom of joints are used and the extreme vertical ground reaction forces of contacting concrete are avoided. both to delay the onset of the degenerative arthritides.....didnt know about reflexology then but more power to the practice, mark c
Flat earth and wobbly feet
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