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Surgical reconstruction of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: Prospective comparison of flexor digitorum longus substitution combined with lateral column lengthening or medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy.
Marks RM, Long JT, Ness ME, Khazzam M, Harris GF. Gait Posture. 2008 Jul 4. [Epub ahead of print]
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Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) may require surgical intervention when nonoperative measures fail. Different methods of bony reconstruction may supplement tendon substitution. This study compares two types of bony procedures used to reinforce reconstruction of the posterior tibial tendon-the lateral column lengthening (LCL), and the medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy (MDCO). Twenty patients with PTTD were evaluated before and after scheduled reconstruction comprised of either flexor digitorum longus (FDL) substitution combined with MDCO (MDCO group, 14 patients) or FDL substitution with LCL fusion or osteotomy (LCL group, 6 patients). Foot/ankle kinematics and temporal-spatial parameters were analyzed using the Milwaukee Foot Model, and results were compared to a previously evaluated normal population of 25 patients. Post-operatively, both patient groups demonstrated significantly improved stride length, cadence and walking speed, as well as improved hindfoot and forefoot position in the sagittal plane. The LCL group also demonstrated greater heel inversion. All post-operative subjects revealed significant improvement in the talo-MT1 angle in the A/P and lateral planes, calcaneal pitch and medial cuneiform-MT5 height. Surgical reconstruction of PTTD with either the LCL or MDCO shows comparable improvements in gait parameters, with better heel inversion seen with the LCL, but improved 1st ray plantarflexion and varus with the MDCO. Both procedures demonstrated comparable improvements in radiographic measurements.
Re: Surgery for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction
another option:
When it's unilateral and the overall pes valgoplanus deformity is secondary to weak Post Tib tendon (with good ROM of the subtalar joint and ankle and a relatively normal contralateral foot) a repair of the Post Tibial tendon along with an absorbable subtalar joint arthroreisis works well.
My theory on this approach is this: If the deformity is secondary to a weak post tibial tendon then if one can correct this the problem will be solved. I normally do a Post tibial to FDL tenodesis after a removal of the navicular tuberosity and reattachment of the tendon, and along with the absorbable STJ implant the Post tibial muscle can be strengthened and become functional again.
Anyone else doing these?
Steve
__________________
DrSArbes
Fellow American College of Foot & Ankle Surgeons
Board Certified Foot & Ankle Surgery, ABPS
Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA
Re: Surgery for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction
Posterior tibial tendon insufficiency results at different stages.
Deland JT, Page A, Sung IH, O'Malley MJ, Inda D, Choung S. HSS J. 2006 Sep;2(2):157-60.
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The results of surgical treatment of posterior tibial tendon insufficiency (PTTI) may be different at different stages of the disease. No single study has compared the results at different stages. This comparison can be helpful to the patient and physician if the patient asks "What if I wait and the disease progresses, how will my results be different?" A preliminary study comparing results for stage IIa, stage IIb (advanced stage II), and stage III was performed followed by a larger study comparing IIa and IIb with 26 and 22 patients, respectively. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) outcome scores as well as radiographs and functional questions were used. Nearly all patients, regardless of stage, felt they were helped by surgical treatment. However, the lowest AOFAS score was in stage III, the most advanced stage investigated in this study. In comparing stage IIa and IIb patients, stage IIb patients had a statistically higher incidence of lateral discomfort. Although statistically significant differences were not found in all comparisons, this study suggests that the results of surgical treatment for PTTI declines with increasing stage or severity of disease.
Re: Surgery for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction
A biomechanical analysis of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy and flexor digitorum longus transfer in adult acquired flat foot.
Arangio GA, Salathe EP. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2009 Mar 7. [Epub ahead of print]
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BACKGROUND: Biomechanical models have been used to study stress in the metatarsals, subtalar motion, lateral column lengthening and subtalar arthroereisis. Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction has been associated with increased loads in the arch of the acquired flat foot. We examine whether a 10 millimeter (mm) medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy and flexor digitorum longus transfer to the navicular reduces these increased loads in the flat foot.
METHODS: The response of a normal foot, a foot with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, and a flat foot to an applied load of 683Newton was analyzed using a multi-segment biomechanical model. The distribution of load on the metatarsals, the moment about each joint, the force on each of the plantar ligaments and the muscle forces were computed.
FINDINGS: Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction results in increased load on the medial arch, which may cause the foot to flatten. A 10mm medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy substantially decreases the load on the first metatarsal and the moment at the talo-navicular joint and increases the load on the fifth metatarsal and the calcaneal-cuboid joint. Adding the flexor digitorum longus transfer to the medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy has only a small effect on the flattened foot.
INTERPRETATION: Our biomechanical analysis illustrates that when the foot becomes flat, the force on the talo-navicular joint increases substantially from its value for the normal foot, and that medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy can reduce this increased force back toward the value occurring in the normal foot. This study provides a biomechanical rationale for medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy treatments for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction.
Re: Surgery for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction
Cobb procedure and Rose calcaneal osteotomy for the treatment of tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction.
Madhav RT, Kampa RJ, Singh D, Angel JC. Acta Orthop Belg. 2009 Feb;75(1):64-9.
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Forty-three patients with stage 2 posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction underwent surgical reconstruction in the form of a Cobb procedure and Rose calcaneal osteotomy between 1997 and 2003, and were evaluated pre- and postoperatively. The average age was 57 years, and the mean followup time was 51 months (range 10-83). The average AOFAS score preoperatively was 58 and improved to 85 postoperatively (p < 0.0001). Sixty-six per cent of patients achieved a single heel raise. Eighty-four per cent expressed a subjective satisfaction rate, whilst 16% reported no improvement. Seventy-eight per cent of the patients were able to use normal shoes and 65% no longer required the use of any orthotics. The minor complication rate was 16% with no major complications. All osteotomies united uneventfully. Two patients have subsequently developed subtalar osteoarthritis, and six calcaneal screws had to be removed for prominence and tenderness. Our results compare very favourably with other less anatomical reconstructions, any donor site morbidity has been avoided and there have been very low complication rates.
Re: Surgery for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction
Hindfoot motion following reconstruction for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction.
Brodsky JW, Charlick DA, Coleman SC, Pollo FE, Royer CT. Foot Ankle Int. 2009 Jul;30(7):613-8.
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INTRODUCTION: Due to advances in technology, segmental gait analysis of the foot is now possible and can elucidate hindfoot deformity in persons with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD). This study evaluated the motion of the hindfoot and ankle power following surgical reconstruction for PTTD utilizing a segmental foot model during gait.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients who underwent posterior tibial tendon reconstruction for Stage 2 PTTD using transfer of the flexor digitorum longus tendon to the navicular tuberosity, reconstruction of the calcaneo-navicular ligament complex, and a medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy were evaluated at a minimum followup of 1 year. Three-dimensional gait analysis was performed utilizing a 4-segment foot model. Temporal-spatial parameters included walking velocity, cadence, step length, and single support time. Sagittal, coronal, and transverse hindfoot motion with respect to the tibia/fibula and ankle power was calculated throughout the gait cycle.
RESULTS: Walking velocity, cadence, and step length were not significantly different between the study subjects and the normal control group. Study patients did show a significantly smaller single support time on both the affected and unaffected limbs compared to controls. There was no statistical difference in plantarflexion-dorsiflexion, varus-valgus, or ankle push-off power between the affected and unaffected sides of the study subjects, or between the affected side and the controls.
CONCLUSION: In this preliminary postoperative study, surgical reconstruction for PTTD effects quantifiable objective improvement in walking velocity, hindfoot motion and power.
Re: Surgery for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction
Hindfoot motion following reconstruction for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction.
Brodsky JW, Charlick DA, Coleman SC, Pollo FE, Royer CT. Foot Ankle Int. 2009 Jul;30(7):613-8.
Quote:
INTRODUCTION: Due to advances in technology, segmental gait analysis of the foot is now possible and can elucidate hindfoot deformity in persons with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD). This study evaluated the motion of the hindfoot and ankle power following surgical reconstruction for PTTD utilizing a segmental foot model during gait.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients who underwent posterior tibial tendon reconstruction for Stage 2 PTTD using transfer of the flexor digitorum longus tendon to the navicular tuberosity, reconstruction of the calcaneo-navicular ligament complex, and a medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy were evaluated at a minimum followup of 1 year. Three-dimensional gait analysis was performed utilizing a 4-segment foot model. Temporal-spatial parameters included walking velocity, cadence, step length, and single support time. Sagittal, coronal, and transverse hindfoot motion with respect to the tibia/fibula and ankle power was calculated throughout the gait cycle.
RESULTS: Walking velocity, cadence, and step length were not significantly different between the study subjects and the normal control group. Study patients did show a significantly smaller single support time on both the affected and unaffected limbs compared to controls. There was no statistical difference in plantarflexion-dorsiflexion, varus-valgus, or ankle push-off power between the affected and unaffected sides of the study subjects, or between the affected side and the controls.
CONCLUSION: In this preliminary postoperative study, surgical reconstruction for PTTD effects quantifiable objective improvement in walking velocity, hindfoot motion and power.
Cobb described a method of reconstruction in Johnson and Strom Type II tibialis posterior dysfunction (TPD) using a split tibialis anterior musculotendinous graft. We assessed patient function and satisfaction after a modified Cobb reconstruction in a group of patients with a narrow spectrum of dysfunction, examined a modification of the Johnson and Strom classification to emphasize severity of deformity, and assessed the ability of the technique to prevent subsequent fixed deformity. We prospectively followed 32 patients managed by this technique and a translational os calcis osteotomy with early flexible deformity after failed conservative treatment. There were 28 women and four men with unilateral disease. The average followup was 5.1 years. Staging was confirmed clinically and with imaging. The modified surgery involved a bone tunnel in the navicular rather than the medial cuneiform with plaster for 8 weeks followed by orthotics and physiotherapy. All of the osteotomies healed and 29 of the 32 patients could perform a single heel rise test at 12 months. The mean postoperative American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society hindfoot score was 89. One patient had a superficial wound infection and one a temporary dysesthesia of the medial plantar nerve; both resolved. The observations suggest the technique is a comparable method of treating early Johnson and Strom Type II TPD.
Surgery for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction
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