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This journal (Strapp Car Crash J) has just been indexed by Medline: The Effects of Axial Preload and Dorsiflexion on the Tolerance of the Ankle/Subtalar Joint to Dynamic Inversion and Eversion. Stapp Car Crash J. 2002 Nov;46:245-265
Funk JR, Srinivasan SC, Crandall JR, Khaewpong N, Eppinger RH, Jaffredo AS, Potier P, Petit PY
Quote:
Forced inversion or eversion of the foot is considered a common mechanism of ankle injury in vehicle crashes. The objective of this study was to model empirically the injury tolerance of the human ankle/subtalar joint to dynamic inversion and eversion under three different loading conditions: neutral flexion with no axial preload, neutral flexion with 2 kN axial preload, and 30 degrees of dorsiflexion with 2 kN axial preload. 44 tests were conducted on cadaveric lower limbs, with injury occurring in 30 specimens. Common injuries included malleolar fractures, osteochondral fractures of the talus, fractures of the lateral process of the talus, and collateral ligament tears, depending on the loading configuration. The time of injury was determined either by the peak ankle moment or by a sudden drop in ankle moment that was accompanied by a burst of acoustic emission. Characteristic moment-angle curves to injury were generated for each loading configuration. Neutrally flexed ankles with no applied axial preload sustained injury at 21 +/- 5 Nm and 38 degrees +/- 8 degrees in inversion, and 47 +/- 21 Nm and 28 degrees +/- 4 degrees in eversion. For ankles tested in neutral flexion with 2 kN of axial preload, inversion failure occurred at 77 +/- 27 Nm and 40 degrees +/- 12 degrees , and eversion failure occurred at 142 +/- 100 Nm and 41 degrees +/- 14 degrees . Ankles dorsiflexed 30 degrees and axially preloaded to 2 kN sustained inversion injury at 62 +/- 31 Nm and 33 degrees +/- 4 degrees , and eversion injury at 140 +/- 53 Nm and 40 degrees +/- 6 degrees . Survival analyses were performed to generate injury risk curves in terms of joint moment and rotation angle.
Development of THOR-FLx: A Biofidelic Lower Extremity for Use with 5th Percentile Female Crash Test Dummies. Stapp Car Crash J. 2002 Nov;46:267-283
Shams T, Beach D, Huang TJ, Rangarajan N, Haffner M
Quote:
A new lower leg/ankle/foot system has been designed and fabricated to assess the potential for lower limb injuries to small females in the automotive crash environment. The new lower extremity can be retrofitted at present to the distal femur of the 5th percentile female Hybrid III dummy. Future plans are for integration of this design into the 5th percentile female THOR dummy now under development. The anthropometry of the lower leg and foot is based mainly on data developed by Robbins for the 5th percentile female, while the biomechanical response requirements are based upon scaling of 50th percentile male THOR-Lx responses. The design consists of the knee, tibia, ankle joints, foot, a representation of the Achilles tendon, and associated flesh/skins. The new lower extremity, known as THOR-FLx, is designed to be biofidelic under dynamic axial loading of the tibia, static and dynamic dorsiflexion, static plantarflexion and inversion/eversion. Instrumentation includes accelerometers, load cells, and rotary potentiometers to capture relevant kinematic and dynamic information from the foot and tibia. This paper will describe the performance requirements for THOR-FLx, the methodology used in its' development, results of component tests, and the biofidelity tests conducted on the full assembly.
Injury tolerance of ankle/subtalar joint
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