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The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint TorquesD. Casey Kerrigan, Jason R. Franz, Geoffrey S. Keenan, Jay Dicharry, Ugo Della Croce, Robert P. Wilder Volume 1, Issue 12, Pages 1058-1063 (December 2009)
Quote:
Objective
To determine the effect of modern-day running shoes on lower extremity joint torques during running.
Design
Two-condition experimental comparison.
Setting
A 3-dimensional motion analysis laboratory.
Participants
A total of 68 healthy young adult runners (37 women) who typically run in running shoes.
Methods
All subjects ran barefoot and in the same type of stability running footwear at a controlled running speed. Three-dimensional motion capture data were collected in synchrony with ground reaction force data from an instrumented treadmill for each of the 2 conditions.
Main Outcome Measurements
Peak 3-dimensional external joint torques at the hip, knee, and ankle as calculated through a full inverse dynamic model.
Results
Increased joint torques at the hip, knee, and ankle were observed with running shoes compared with running barefoot. Disproportionately large increases were observed in the hip internal rotation torque and in the knee flexion and knee varus torques. An average 54% increase in the hip internal rotation torque, a 36% increase in knee flexion torque, and a 38% increase in knee varus torque were measured when running in running shoes compared with barefoot.
Conclusions
The findings at the knee suggest relatively greater pressures at anatomical sites that are typically more prone to knee osteoarthritis, the medial and patellofemoral compartments. It is important to note the limitations of these findings and of current 3-dimensional gait analysis in general, that only resultant joint torques were assessed. It is unknown to what extent actual joint contact forces could be affected by compliance that a shoe might provide, a potentially valuable design characteristic that may offset the observed increases in joint torques.
Re: The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques
Press Release: Running shoes may cause damage to knees, hips and ankles
Greater stresses on joints than running barefoot or walking in high-heeled shoes observed
Quote:
New York, NY, January 4, 2010 – Knee osteoarthritis (OA) accounts for more disability in the elderly than any other disease. Running, although it has proven cardiovascular and other health benefits, can increase stresses on the joints of the leg. In a study published in the December 2009 issue of PM&R: The journal of injury, function and rehabilitation, researchers compared the effects on knee, hip and ankle joint motions of running barefoot versus running in modern running shoes. They concluded that running shoes exerted more stress on these joints compared to running barefoot or walking in high-heeled shoes.
Sixty-eight healthy young adult runners (37 women), who run in typical, currently available running shoes, were selected from the general population. None had any history of musculoskeletal injury and each ran at least 15 miles per week. A running shoe, selected for its neutral classification and design characteristics typical of most running footwear, was provided to all runners. Using a treadmill and a motion analysis system, each subject was observed running barefoot and with shoes. Data were collected at each runner's comfortable running pace after a warm-up period.
The researchers observed increased joint torques at the hip, knee and ankle with running shoes compared with running barefoot. Disproportionately large increases were observed in the hip internal rotation torque and in the knee flexion and knee varus torques. An average 54% increase in the hip internal rotation torque, a 36% increase in knee flexion torque, and a 38% increase in knee varus torque were measured when running in running shoes compared with barefoot.
These findings confirm that while the typical construction of modern-day running shoes provides good support and protection of the foot itself, one negative effect is the increased stress on each of the 3 lower extremity joints. These increases are likely caused in large part by an elevated heel and increased material under the medial arch, both characteristic of today's running shoes.
Writing in the article, lead author D. Casey Kerrigan, MD, JKM Technologies LLC, Charlottesville, VA, and co-investigators state, "Remarkably, the effect of running shoes on knee joint torques during running (36%-38% increase) that the authors observed here is even greater than the effect that was reported earlier of high-heeled shoes during walking (20%-26% increase). Considering that lower extremity joint loading is of a significantly greater magnitude during running than is experienced during walking, the current findings indeed represent substantial biomechanical changes." Dr. Kerrigan concludes, "Reducing joint torques with footwear completely to that of barefoot running, while providing meaningful footwear functions, especially compliance, should be the goal of new footwear designs."
Re: The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques
The media going overboard on this. Lets take a closer look:
1. It was done on a treadmill and we all know the gait differences between the two, so how can they extrapolate the results to overground running?
2. None of the runners were acclimated to the particular model shoe used - Brooks Adrenaline (nor do we know if it was even suitable for them) - the gait may have been different after using the shoe for a while.
3. None of the participants were habitual barefoot runners, so their gait may well have been different if they were experienced barefoot runners.
How can the media (and the authors) jump to a conclusions about increased risk for knee OA!
I have seen headlines on this story say: Running Shoes are still bad!
Running shoes may cause damage to knees, hips and ankles
Running May Be Good For You, But Running Shoes Aren't
Can someone explain to me how these headlines are supported by the research?
__________________
Craig Payne
Department of Podiatry
La Trobe University
Melbourne, Australia http://www.latrobe.edu.au/podiatry
__________________________________________________ ___________________________________ God put me on this earth to accomplish a certain number of things - right now I am so far behind, I will never die.
The views expressed above are those of the author and not that of La Trobe University This is where I am, where are you?
Now let me guess. She will next proclaim that her patented shoe "device" (or Brooks shoes will proclaim it for her) is the only shoe design that truly mimics barefoot running and will eliminate all those nasty joint torques that are so bad for runners.
By the way, a Brooks Adrenaline is not a neutral shoe. It is a support shoe, "for mild to moderate pronators" which is closer, in Brooks lingo, to a motion control shoe than to a neutral shoe.
Amazing how the internet allows us to see through the true financial purposes of "researchers" much more clearly than before.
__________________
Sincerely,
Kevin
**************************************************
Kevin A. Kirby, DPM
Adjunct Associate Professor
Department of Applied Biomechanics
California School of Podiatric Medicine at Samuel Merritt College
Re: The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques
Quote:
Originally Posted by Craig Payne
The media going overboard on this. Lets take a closer look:
1. It was done on a treadmill and we all know the gait differences between the two, so how can they extrapolate the results to overground running?
2. None of the runners were acclimated to the particular model shoe used - Brooks Adrenaline (nor do we know if it was even suitable for them) - the gait may have been different after using the shoe for a while.
3. None of the participants were habitual barefoot runners, so their gait may well have been different if they were experienced barefoot runners.
How can the media (and the authors) jump to a conclusions about increased risk for knee OA!
I have seen headlines on this story say: Running Shoes are still bad!
Running shoes may cause damage to knees, hips and ankles
Running May Be Good For You, But Running Shoes Aren't
Can someone explain to me how these headlines are supported by the research?
Craig;
you once again nailed it on all points. I find it interesting that they studied torque and not forces in these studies as well.
Essentially no study has shown that running injuries have risen over the years despite the use of running shoes. I think this says a lot more about people running greater distance races adn training more than it does about the shoes.
Also, none of the studies that were retrospective identified the types of shoes that were studied as far as being neutral / cushioned, stability or motion control types of shoes.
In this study Kevin is right that the Brooks Adrenaline is a moderate motion controlling shoe. Why did they not see whether the Nike Free caused similar torques while they were doing this study?
There is no such thing as "barefoot technology", withthe exception of our naked feet. As Kevin states, everyone else is probably selling something. While I don't disagree with that, it should be disclosed adn they should mention it in the papers.
I will be interviewed on this paper by WebMD shortly and hope to point some of these thinds out.
cheers!
Bruce
Re: The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques
If I could ask a couple of questions.
I tried to put in table 3 in from the articile but it become a big mess.
If you measure torque in (Nm · kg-1m-1) and say you look at the 1st measurement
Barefoot SHOD P Value
Hip flexion torque (Nm · kg-1m-1) 1.18 0.36 1.20 0.41 0.06 .422
The results are said to be significant by the authors but is .02 of torque change really significant? Or is a reality the change is unsignificant but the % change so great because the numbers are small and thats why the used % in writing up the piece to make it seem more significant.
Also how accurate is it to measure torque in the human body?
The headins barefot,shod and Pvalue are over the figure they represent when I wrote the post but not when I saved it, sorry can´t seem tp fix it.
__________________
Michael Weber
The most common thing about common sense is it´s not very common.
Re: The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques
Quote:
Originally Posted by Craig Payne
The media going overboard on this. Lets take a closer look:
1. It was done on a treadmill and we all know the gait differences between the two, so how can they extrapolate the results to overground running?
2. None of the runners were acclimated to the particular model shoe used - Brooks Adrenaline (nor do we know if it was even suitable for them) - the gait may have been different after using the shoe for a while.
3. None of the participants were habitual barefoot runners, so their gait may well have been different if they were experienced barefoot runners.
How can the media (and the authors) jump to a conclusions about increased risk for knee OA!
I have seen headlines on this story say: Running Shoes are still bad!
Running shoes may cause damage to knees, hips and ankles
Running May Be Good For You, But Running Shoes Aren't
Can someone explain to me how these headlines are supported by the research?
Never allowing the facts to get in the way you can always count on the barefoot running community to jump onto this sort of research and use it to promote their own agenda's.
Re: The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques
Quote:
Originally Posted by Ian
Running shoes cause damage to knees, hips and ankles - official study
Gotta love that headline. At least the press release actually said: Running shoes MAY cause damage to knees, hips and ankles (even though the research did not actually show that!)
I wrote this elsewhere on this:
Quote:
The barefoot running fanatics and irrationalists have jumped on this research as supporting the barefoot running movement. The fact that they blindly accept this research without any form of critical analysis of the flaws, just confirms how fanatical and irrational they are!
Here is another headline that was in my in-box this morning: Running Barefoot Better than Running with Shoes --- can somewhat actaully show me how that sort of conclusion can be reached from the actual reseach that was done?
__________________
Craig Payne
Department of Podiatry
La Trobe University
Melbourne, Australia http://www.latrobe.edu.au/podiatry
__________________________________________________ ___________________________________ God put me on this earth to accomplish a certain number of things - right now I am so far behind, I will never die.
The views expressed above are those of the author and not that of La Trobe University This is where I am, where are you?
Re: The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques
BTW: I not opposed to barefoot running....its just the fanaticism and irrationalty of so many of its supporters. How they blindly accepted and reported the above research is a perfect example of exactly what I am saying.
__________________
Craig Payne
Department of Podiatry
La Trobe University
Melbourne, Australia http://www.latrobe.edu.au/podiatry
__________________________________________________ ___________________________________ God put me on this earth to accomplish a certain number of things - right now I am so far behind, I will never die.
The views expressed above are those of the author and not that of La Trobe University This is where I am, where are you?
Re: The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques
Quote:
Originally Posted by Craig Payne
BTW: I not opposed to barefoot running....its just the fanaticism and irrationalty of so many of its supporters. How they blindly accepted and reported the above research is a perfect example of exactly what I am saying.
Craig:
Barefoot running is just another passing fad within a very small segment of the worldwide running community that will soon die down within the next 5-10 years. Once enough people get injured while running barefoot and start to see that it is not the panacea that the barefoot zealots claim it is, then we will be back to what intelligent runners have been doing for the past 40 years........running in shoes.
Here is what I would ask any of the barefoot runners to answer for me......if barefoot running is so great then why has no runner won an international marathon while barefoot since Abebe Bikila won the Rome Olympic Marathon in 1960?......49+ years ago!!!
If the very small community of barefoot runners want more runners to consider going barefoot while running, then maybe they should try to get someone to start winning races while running barefoot. Maybe then, the rest of the more talented runners in the world will start to take them seriously. As far as I can tell so far, it is only the slow runners who want to run barefoot, maybe because it gets them more attention when they are running in the back of the pack of the race??
By the way, I just watched the California International Marathon in Sacramento a month ago.....11,000 runners......and not a single one barefoot! If barefoot running is so great....then why aren't more people doing it?!
__________________
Sincerely,
Kevin
**************************************************
Kevin A. Kirby, DPM
Adjunct Associate Professor
Department of Applied Biomechanics
California School of Podiatric Medicine at Samuel Merritt College
Re: The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques
Way to go Bruce:
Quote:
Running Shoes Study: Other Opinions
"It's much ado about nothing," says Bruce Williams, DPM, past president of the American Academy of Podiatric Sports Medicine and a spokesman for the American Podiatric Medical Association, of the study results.
"She showed there was an increase in joint forces, but that's it," says Williams, a podiatrist in Valparaiso, Ind., and a runner. There was no link shown between running shoes and running injuries, nor with development of arthritis -- both beyond the scope of the study.
The bulk of research studies have found that runners don't have a higher incidence of knee osteoarthritis than the general population, Williams tells WebMD.
In one study, for instance, German researchers evaluated 20 former elite marathon runners and compared them to the general population, looking for arthritis. They found that knee osteoarthritis was rare in the former marathoners, publishing the result in the journal Orthopade.
Ideally, Kerrigan's team should have looked at many different shoe types, says Joseph Hamill, PhD, professor of kinesiology and director of the Biomechanics Laboratory at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, who has researched the biomechanics of running shoes. "For example, a racing flat has very little in the way of cushioning and is almost like running barefoot," Hamill says.
__________________
Craig Payne
Department of Podiatry
La Trobe University
Melbourne, Australia http://www.latrobe.edu.au/podiatry
__________________________________________________ ___________________________________ God put me on this earth to accomplish a certain number of things - right now I am so far behind, I will never die.
The views expressed above are those of the author and not that of La Trobe University This is where I am, where are you?
Re: The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques
Quote:
"She showed there was an increase in joint forces, but that's it," says Williams, a podiatrist in Valparaiso, Ind., and a runner. There was no link shown between running shoes and running injuries, nor with development of arthritis -- both beyond the scope of the study.
But is it significant. If I got from say .25 to .5 that a 100% raise. If that was interst ratesis would not really change a great deal what I pay back to the bank.
If I was writting a report in the paper If I wrong a headline which sain Interst rates up to .5% most people would this big deal, But if I wrote intest rates up 100% people would stress and think thats a big deal.
So was the small changes in torque change really significant ?
__________________
Michael Weber
The most common thing about common sense is it´s not very common.
Re: The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques
Quote:
Originally Posted by m weber
But is it significant. If I got from say .25 to .5 that a 100% raise. If that was interst ratesis would not really change a great deal what I pay back to the bank.
If I was writting a report in the paper If I wrong a headline which sain Interst rates up to .5% most people would this big deal, But if I wrote intest rates up 100% people would stress and think thats a big deal.
So was the small changes in torque change really significant ?
Michael;
I'd like to know as well. I'd say it's a red herring,
and that is why they tend to study the forces more
than the torques, but I don't know for sure.
Nice job on figuring out the error in the numbers!
Bruce
Re: The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques
Quote:
Originally Posted by Bruce Williams
Thanks Craig!
Bruce
Bruce:
You and Joe Hamill offered some very common-sense rebuttals to the over-reaching conclusions that Kerrigan et al guessed on in their article. I don't know if I would have been so nice.
Good job!!
__________________
Sincerely,
Kevin
**************************************************
Kevin A. Kirby, DPM
Adjunct Associate Professor
Department of Applied Biomechanics
California School of Podiatric Medicine at Samuel Merritt College
Re: The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques
Quote:
Originally Posted by Kevin Kirby
Bruce:
You and Joe Hamill offerred some very common-sense rebuttals to the over-reaching conclusions that Kerrigan et al guessed on in their article. I don't know if I would have been so nice.
Re: The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques
Anyone that wants to see the reason why the research by D. Casey Kerrigan is so heavily biased toward the idea that running with shoes may cause osteoarthritis of the knees just needs to look at the company that Kerrigan is involved in and their new product, the CDC Suspension System.
From that website, here is the first line of the biography on D. Casey Kerrigan:
Dr. D. Casey Kerrigan is the medical world's leading researcher in the study of biomechanics, human movement, and gait.
Funny, I have never heard of her before this paper!
And, in their recently published paper on joint torques effects of running shoes, I believe this last sentence of the paper is very instructive as to the belief system they would like everyone to follow toward their impending new shoe design product which, I'm sure, will be on the market soon:
"Reducing joint torques with footwear completely to that of barefoot running, while providing meaningful footwear functions, especially compliance, should be the goal of new footwear designs."
All one needs to do, to see the obvious promotional bias in Kerrigan's et al's paper, is to read the very nicely done, and much more objective paper published in the Journal of Biomechanics by a group of Belgium biomechanists:
Quote:
Biomechanical analysis of the stance phase during
barefoot and shod running
Brigit De Wit, Dirk De Clercq, Peter Aerts
Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Ghent, Watersportlaan, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Journal of Biomechanics 33 (2000) 269}278
Abstract
This study investigated spatio-temporal variables, ground reaction forces and sagittal and frontal plane kinematics during the stance phase of nine trained subjects running barefoot and shod at three different velocities (3.5, 4.5, 5.5 m sv1). Differences between conditions were detected with the general linear method (factorial model). Barefoot running is characterized by a significantly larger external loading rate than the shod condition. The flatter foot placement at touchdown is prepared in free flight, implying an actively induced adaptation strategy. In the barefoot condition, plantar pressure measurements reveal a flatter foot placement to correlate with lower peak heel pressures. Therefore, it is assumed that runners adopt this different touchdown geometry in barefoot running in an attempt to limit the local pressure underneath the heel. A significantly higher leg stiffness during the stance phase was found for the barefoot condition. The sagittal kinematic adaptations between conditions were found in the same way for all subjects and at the three running velocities. However, large individual variations were observed between the runners for the rearfoot kinematics.
__________________
Sincerely,
Kevin
**************************************************
Kevin A. Kirby, DPM
Adjunct Associate Professor
Department of Applied Biomechanics
California School of Podiatric Medicine at Samuel Merritt College
Now let me guess. She will next proclaim that her patented shoe "device" (or Brooks shoes will proclaim it for her) is the only shoe design that truly mimics barefoot running and will eliminate all those nasty joint torques that are so bad for runners.
By the way, a Brooks Adrenaline is not a neutral shoe. It is a support shoe, "for mild to moderate pronators" which is closer, in Brooks lingo, to a motion control shoe than to a neutral shoe.
Amazing how the internet allows us to see through the true financial purposes of "researchers" much more clearly than before.
Quote:
Originally Posted by Kevin Kirby
Anyone that wants to see the reason why the research by D. Casey Kerrigan is so heavily biased toward the idea that running with shoes may cause osteoarthritis of the knees just needs to look at the company that Kerrigan is involved in and their new product, the CDC Suspension System.
From that website, here is the first line of the biography on D. Casey Kerrigan:
Dr. D. Casey Kerrigan is the medical world's leading researcher in the study of biomechanics, human movement, and gait.
Funny, I have never heard of her before this paper!
And, in their recently published paper on joint torques effects of running shoes, I believe this last sentence of the paper is very instructive as to the belief system they would like everyone to follow toward their impending new shoe design product which, I'm sure, will be on the market soon:
"Reducing joint torques with footwear completely to that of barefoot running, while providing meaningful footwear functions, especially compliance, should be the goal of new footwear designs."
All one needs to do, to see the obvious promotional bias in Kerrigan's et al's paper, is to read the very nicely done, and much more objective paper published in the Journal of Biomechanics by a group of Belgium biomechanists:
You guys should have your own program. I can hear the voice over
Stay tuned when next, Private Detective´s Craig Payne and Kevin Kirby with their Media Manager Bruce Williams bust another badly published paper and expose the self promotion .
__________________
Michael Weber
The most common thing about common sense is it´s not very common.
Re: The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques
Kevin;
I had the reporter read over those lines specifically
and said the same thing you did above.
Despite her few sentences of obvious bias, she listed
any points that neither proved or disproved her claims.
I think the journal reviewers should be strongly chastised,
as well as the publisher for allowing her to leave in those
biased statements that are ultimately unprovable and
unsupported.
Cheers!
Bruce
Re: The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques
Quote:
Originally Posted by m weber
You guys should have your own program. I can hear the voice over
Stay tuned when next, Private Detective´s Craig Payne and Kevin Kirby with their Media Manager Bruce Williams bust another badly published paper and expose the self promotion .
Actually that's not a bad idea Mike! Kevin and Craig,
just think how many researchers we could regularly
piss off!!!
Hats off to the opinionated Podiatrists!
Cheers
Bruce
Re: The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques
Quote:
Originally Posted by Bruce Williams
Actually that's not a bad idea Mike! Kevin and Craig,
just think how many researchers we could regularly
piss off!!!
Hats off to the opinionated Podiatrists!
Cheers
Bruce
Bruce, Mike and Craig:
If the paper is from a researcher that has no bias toward promoting a product they have financial interest in, then I don't have much of a problem.
However, when it is so obvious that the lead reasearcher has patented a shoe product, is a co-owner of a company that is making that shoe product, produces biased research conclusions that obviously are geared toward promoting an eventual release of a shoe product, and then makes sure that every media outlet is informed of their research with sensational headlines suggesting running shoes cause ostoearthritis so they can get some free lead-in advertising for their shoe product that supposedly will help prevent osteoarthritis.....that is when I have a problem.
__________________
Sincerely,
Kevin
**************************************************
Kevin A. Kirby, DPM
Adjunct Associate Professor
Department of Applied Biomechanics
California School of Podiatric Medicine at Samuel Merritt College
Re: The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques
Quote:
Originally Posted by Kevin Kirby
If the paper is from a researcher that has no bias toward promoting a product they have financial interest in, then I don't have much of a problem.
I do not necessarily object to researchers with agendas or financial interests. I just object when it is not made explicit and disclosed or when the tone of the article is reflecting the agenda, when it should be written neutrally (ie the way the research in question immediatly starts talking about osteoarthrtis)
__________________
Craig Payne
Department of Podiatry
La Trobe University
Melbourne, Australia http://www.latrobe.edu.au/podiatry
__________________________________________________ ___________________________________ God put me on this earth to accomplish a certain number of things - right now I am so far behind, I will never die.
The views expressed above are those of the author and not that of La Trobe University This is where I am, where are you?
Last edited by Craig Payne : 12th January 2010 at 10:06 PM.
Re: The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques
I'm in agreement with Craig and Kevin. There are clear transparency issues. Most of the world's athletic shoe companies perform outstanding R&D research, and they all certainly have the agenda of selling more shoes. Moreover, consumers (mostly) recognize that these companies have an interest in selling more products. Dr. Kerrigan appears to be using her professional credentials to potentially mislead consumers.
__________________ Jeremy Long C Ped
Smoky Mountain Foot Clinic
Re: The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques
my favorite:
Quote:
Kerrigan does have what she believes is a better running shoe system in mind that she thinks would help to minimize the harmful joint torques. She is currently developing her patented shoe design through JKM Technologies, LLC, a manufacturing and information technology service company of which Kerrigan is chairman.
Re: The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques
Even the TV news are jumping on the research (shame they did not do a critical appraisal of the quality of the research).
I still just do not get why the media is highlighting this ....
I came across a number of bloggers just parroting the spin with no critical appraisal. For eg, one of them put a lot of emphasis on this sentence from the paper:
"there is no clinical evidence to support that modern running footwear promoted long-term health in runners"
What I do not get is that the paper could have easily said: "there is no clinical evidence to support that modern running footwear causes any harm in runners" .... why do they choose to not point this out as well. ... is it becasue they have some sort of agenda that they pushing???
__________________
Craig Payne
Department of Podiatry
La Trobe University
Melbourne, Australia http://www.latrobe.edu.au/podiatry
__________________________________________________ ___________________________________ God put me on this earth to accomplish a certain number of things - right now I am so far behind, I will never die.
The views expressed above are those of the author and not that of La Trobe University This is where I am, where are you?
The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques
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